Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is associated with a subsequent increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes.

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Whether neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia increases the risk of T1D remains unclear. Aim: To estimate the association between neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and phototherapy and the risk of T1D using a large nationwide population-based cohort. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan from 2001 until 2005. Altogether, 23,784 neonates aged <30 days diagnosed with hyperbilirubinaemia and 47,568 neonates without hyperbilirubinaemia were enrolled and frequency-matched to the hyperbilirubinaemia group by gender, age, parental occupation and urbanisation. Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Of the 71,352 neonates included, those with hyperbilirubinaemia had a higher incidence of T1D (4.76 vs 2.68 per 10,000 person-years, p < 0.001) and an earlier mean age at onset of T1D [4.13 (2.80) vs 5.80 (2.67) years, p < 0.001] than those without hyperbilirubinaemia. After adjusting for confounding factors in multivariable analysis, the neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia had a 66% increased risk of developing T1D (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.26-2.18). Girls had a 1.41-fold (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.10-1.82) greater risk of T1D than boys. Additionally, neonates with a history of perinatal complications (HR 1.66, 95% CI 0.99-2.80) and neonatal infections (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.45-3.15) had an increased subsequent risk of T1D. Conclusions: The results suggest that neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia is associated with a subsequently increased risk of childhood-onset T1D.