Surface Current Variations and Oceanic Fronts in the Southern East China Sea: Drifter Experiments, Coastal Radar Applications, and Satellite Observations

Ocean currents in the southern East China Sea (ECS) are complex and have long lacked systematic observational data. Observations from coastal radars in northern Taiwan, along with several drifters and satellite data, reveal a detailed ECS surface flow structure and thermal front. Drifter trajectories followed the seasonal flow field and were oscillatory and trapped due to strong tidal currents. Three drifters crossed the oceanic front off the northern coast of Taiwan following the tidal motion with a rapid change in the sea surface temperature by 2.5 degrees C, which was recorded within a small distance of 500 m. A significant seasonal water mass exchange cycle occurred in the southern ECS. Starting in October, the Kuroshio Current intrudes onto the ECS shelf, causing the formation of a southwestward Northern Taiwan Coastal Current that mixes with the China Coastal Current to form a southward flow in the northern Taiwan Strait. Beginning in March, the ocean current off northwestern Taiwan shifts northward and then gradually flows eastward into the Kuroshio region. With satellite-derived and model-simulated surface currents contradicting each other over long periods of time, hourly coastal radar data have not only successfully explained the spatiotemporal variations in the sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll concentration observed by satellites but have also resolved the long-standing disputes over the surface currents in the southern ECS.