Polymorphic foraging tactics in a marine reptile: insight from horizontal movement and dive behavior analyses

Life-history polymorphism in habitat use has been widely reported in aquatic migratory animals. Adult loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in the North Pacific exhibit foraging-habitat polymorphism, showing a 2.4-fold greater reproductive output for neritic foragers than for oceanic ones. However, knowledge of how turtles in each habitat behave and what effect this has on reproduction remains limited. We combined horizontal movement and dive behavior analyses to explore foraging behavior and habitat utilization in adult female loggerheads in the North Pacific. Between 2016 and 2018, satellite relay data loggers were attached to 10 females nesting in Japan. The turtles were tracked for 219.2 +/- 185.0 d (+/- SD) within the range of 10 to 521 d. Three foraging destinations were revealed, with different foraging tactics in each habitat: (1) the neritic East China Sea (ECS), (2) neritic coastal areas of mainland Japan (CMJ), and (3) oceanic North Pacific Ocean (NPO). ECS females mainly foraged on benthic prey with foraging-site fidelity; however, some turtles alternately preyed on benthos and plankton along with their seasonal migration. CMJ females also foraged on benthic prey with site fidelity, whereas NPO females foraged on plankton by drifting eastward with the oceanic currents. Dive-type analyses revealed that the proportion of time spent presumably foraging was similar among the 3 habitats, suggesting that the nutrient richness of prey items and the migration distance between foraging and breeding grounds may cause differences in reproductive outputs among different life-history types of loggerhead turtles.