Coexisting picoplankton experience different relative grazing pressures across an ocean productivity gradient

Picophytoplankton populations [Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus (SYN), and picoeukar-yotes] are dominant primary producers in the open ocean and projected to become more important with climate change. Their fates can vary, however, with microbial food web complexities. In the California Current Ecosystem, picophytoplankton biomass and abundance peak in waters of intermediate productivity and decrease at higher production. Using experimental data from eight cruises crossing the pronounced CCE trophic gradient, we tested the hypothesis that these declines are driven by intensified grazing on heterotrophic bacteria (HBAC) passed to similarly sized picophytoplank-ton via shared predators. Results confirm previously observed distributions as well as significant increases in bacterial abundance, cell growth, and grazing mortality with primary production. Mortalities of picophytoplankton, however, diverge from the bacte-rial mortality trend such that relative grazing rates on SYN compared to HBAC decline by 12 -fold between low and high productivity waters. The large shifts in mortality rate ratios for coexisting populations are not explained by size variability but rather suggest high selectivity of grazer assemblages or tightly coupled tradeoffs in microbial growth advantages and grazing vulnerabilities. These findings challenge the long -held view that protistan grazing mainly determines overall biomass of microbial communities while viruses uniquely regulate diversity by "killing the winners".