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At Rothamsted, I worked on many areas of beneficial plant–microbe–soil interactions over the years, including rhizobia and legumes, mycorrhizal fungi and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, eventually leading a group researching soil microbiology.
As technology advanced, we moved from studying individual isolates and small communities to whole microbiomes, using next-generation sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This approach revealed the complexity of soil microbial communities, hitherto considered as an impenetrable black box. Conventional wisdom was that fewer than 1% of soil bacteria and very few archaea could be isolated in lab culture. Many are slow-growing, fastidious oligotrophs, rapidly swamped by a fast-growing minority. However, DNA and RNA can be extracted from everything in the soil, enabling comparison of the abundance, diversity and activity of different groups, and provide an insight into how the soil communities responsible for cycling major and minor nutrients make these available to plants. This is essential for making the best use of the resources available to farmers, including crop residues, manures fertilisers. It also helps us to understand how soil generates and ameliorates greenhouse gases, notably nitrous oxide, an unwanted side-effect of the nitrogen cycle.
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Sally Hilton,Emma Picot, Susanne Schreiter,David Bass, Keith Norman,Anna E. Oliver,Jonathan D. Moore,Tim H. Mauchline,Peter R. Mills,Graham R. Teakle,Ian M. Clark,Penny R. Hirsch,
Scientific reportsno. 1 (2021): 15905-15905
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